Formation of Plural Nouns

Plural nouns are generally formed by adding –s to singular nouns.

Examples are:

Nouns ending in –s, -sh, -ch or –x form their plurals by adding –es to the singular.

Nouns ending in –o generally form their plurals by adding –es to the singular.

Exceptions
There are some exceptions to this rule. The following nouns form their plurals by merely adding –s to the singular.

Nouns ending in a consonant + y form their plurals by changing –y into –i and adding –es.

Nouns ending in –f or –fe form their plurals by changing –f or –fe into v and adding –es.

The following nouns take either –s or –ves in the plural.

A few nouns ending in –f or –fe form their plurals by merely adding –s.

A few nouns form their plurals by changing the inside vowel of the singular.

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